Kizuna Child-Parent Reunion
Orizzontinternazionali May 7, 2018
https://www.orizzontinternazionali.org/2018/05/07/questione-figli-contesi-giappone-momento-svolta/
English translation, 日本語版下に
Spring 2017: the issue becomes "hot"
For Japan, 2017 is the third year since ratification of the Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction.
Over the years, Japan has seen a large number of disputes between mixed couples due to the fact that the Japanese parent (very often the mother) brings children to Japan, preventing the other parent from meeting them. Even today, despite the ratification of the Convention, Japan is considered a "black hole" in cases of child abduction.
This topic has become a "hot" theme from the spring of 2017 when voices of protest were raised against the Japanese approach to the issue that, in the rest of the world, falls under the term "kidnapping". Although Japan has signed the Convention in 2014, abduction of children in Japan is, in fact, still widely tolerated.
A member of the Japanese Diet, Kenta Matsunami (45) touched on this topic during two sessions of the House of Representatives - Budget and Justice Committees. He asked government officials why the current system relies on assigning custody of children to the parent who kidnaps them first.
Prime Minister Shinzo Abe (62) responded, "custody is decided by taking the circumstances of each case separately into consideration."
Matsunami, however, has pointed out that Japan gives too much importance to the "principle of continuity" (from the moment the child was kidnapped, if there are no problems with the new environment, the priority is to leave the situation as it is). The government should therefore recognize that, if they continue to give importance the principle of continuity, kidnappings will continue.
When Matsunami said that this approach is also used in mixed couples and that more than one Japanese woman is on the list of Americans sought for having kidnapped and brought their child to Japan, Foreign Minister Fumio Kishida (59) replied by saying that "as of today, there was not a single case in which penalties of the Goldman Act have been applied [1], and, therefore, the probability that Japan would be sanctioned is very low."
Protests have been raised not only by Japanese citizens but also by foreign nationals. On March 22, 2017, a group of left-behind parents signed a petition to implement policies that stop and deter kidnappings. They required that, as in most developed countries, child abduction be treated as a crime and not a mere "husband-wife issue."
In the USA on April 6, 2017, there was a hearing on the Goldman Act at the Subcommittee for Human Rights in Congress, and some American citizens submitted stories of kidnapping of their children in various countries, including Japan. At the beginning of this hearing, the Chairman of the Subcommittee [Rep. Chris Smith] called Fumio Kishida’s statement "outrageous" and then said that Japan "should be sanctioned" because it does not respect the Hague Convention and that President Trump should bring this topic to the table of discussions of the next G7.
In Italy too, the topic began to be discussed, as well as various newspapers, including La Stampa, which spoke about the cases of Italian citizens whose children were kidnapped by their Japanese mothers. We have also talked about it here.
This has generated reactions and requests to the Italian government to proceed against Japan.
Faced with these protests, the division for the Hague Convention in the Japanese Foreign Ministry said that "the Hague Convention opens up the possibility of not returning children to their country of residence in the event of a serious risk" and that "not all countries that have ratified the convention make the results public but Japan has certainly not done less than the others with 30% of kidnapped children returned to their home country [2]."
According to the Convention, parents of children who are kidnapped can demand assistance from the institution designated in their country (in Japan the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, while cases are being regulated by the Ministry of Justice) to make sure that the children come back to their country of residence. The establishment provides assistance and negotiations between spouses, but, in the event that these negotiations do not lead to a solution, the court is to decide. In the case of Japan, even if the rule is that the child must go back to the country of origin, if 1) the child has adapted to the new environment; 2) returning to the country of origin can have negative physical or psychological consequences on the child; 3) the child does not want to go back and so on, exceptions can be made to ensure that the child remains in Japan.
The story of Pierluigi: An update
One of the various cases of Italian victims of child kidnapping [3] is about Pierluigi (invented name to protect his family in view of the process in progress). Pierluigi is an Italian citizen who lives and works in Tokyo, is married to a Japanese woman, and is the father of two sons kidnapped by his wife in early 2016.
Pierluigi and his wife, after a few years in Italy and then in Germany, in October of 2015 went to live in Japan, country of origin of his wife. Just after completing the move to Tokyo, however, his wife had decided to go to live in her city of origin, Nagasaki, along with the children (one four and the other two years old). The initial motivation was the ability to access childcare services more easily; in Tokyo waiting lists for kindergartens are long. For a few months, Pierluigi saw the children as soon as he could reach them. However, in September of the same year, he received an email from his wife telling him that he would not be able to see his children again.
From that moment, he moved to enforce his rights as a father starting from the process at the family court in Nagasaki.
During the last year, many events have taken place in the story of Pierluigi and the custody of his children.
In June 2017, for the first time since July last year, he was able to see his children, although in the presence of judicial examiners. After the visit, the examiners confirmed to the judge that followed the case that Pierluigi is perfectly able to take care of the children, with whom he has maintained a great relationship, and how accusations against him made by his wife (including that of domestic violence) are unsubstantiated. For this reason, during the fourth hearing of the process, which took place at the end of June 2017, the judge (which, before the issue of a judgment, may not impose any behavior onto stakeholders) urged Pierluigi’s wife to collaborate and to allow the meetings of the husband with the children, in the interest of the children. Faced with the immovability of the woman, however, the court managed to grant Pierluigi only a telephone conversation with the children, which was held the next month via Skype, and during which, the children asked sixty times for their father to join them.
During the hearing of August 2017, the fifth and last before the ruling was issued, the Court expressed important considerations. Firstly, the judge admitted that she had not yet understood the real reasons why Pierluigi's wife did not want to allow her husband to see her children (to the point that she kept the video off during the Skype connection with her husband in the month of July, for fear that, seeing the house they were living in, he could understand where they were). In addition, the social services of Nagasaki (where the woman and children live) have confirmed with neighbors of the wife who hear the children cry 3-4 times a week, for more than twenty minutes. Nevertheless, the judge does not seem to intend to remove the children from his wife: as also explained by Diet member Kenta Matsunami of the Japan Restoration Party during the two sessions of the Diet in which the problem was discussed, “In cases of disputes regarding custody of children, Japan gives too much importance to the 'continuity principle'”. [4] The Japanese judicial system recognizes that it is in the interests of the child not so much to maintain relations with both parents, but to have a stable and untroubled life. This is why the Japanese system does not recognize the institution of shared custody.
Following the fifth hearing, the process involving Pierluigi and his wife has concluded, and judgments relating to return of the children and visits Pierluigi can do arrived in December of 2017. The judge has confirmed once again the totally unfounded accusations facing Pierluigi, including that of domestic violence, in addition, has confirmed that between Pierluigi and his children there is a good relationship, and that he is able to take care of them. That said, however, the accusations made by Pierluigi about the inadequacy of his wife to raise the children were not considered sufficient to remove them, also in consideration of the fact that, during the period when Pierluigi worked in Germany, she had spent more time than him with their eldest son (the second was not yet born).
Pierluigi, clearly, has now appealed, while recognizing that such ruling, in a country as Japan, should be recognized as a partial victory. The judge, in fact, has put the wife of Pierluigi with her back to the wall: she has indeed recognized Pierluigi’s right to see his children two Sundays a month, for four hours at a time. [5] She also explained that, if the mother should continue to refuse the visits that the father is entitled to, she should no longer be considered suitable to have custody of the children in the future.
Pierluigi, therefore, believes that the judge has tried to compel the wife to show him the children, knowing that, in the meantime, he will continue the process of appeal to the High Court in Fukuoka. If the court had given the children to him, an appeal of his wife would have prolonged the process for another year, during which time Pierluigi would have kept not being able to meet his children. In the period of Easter 2018, however, the Fukuoka High Court confirmed the children should stay with Pierluigi's wife. The children in fact, now live a stable life with the woman, who is also receiving care at a psychiatric clinic. They have therefore not recognized extreme grounds to remove the children from her.
Pierluigi has confirmed the appeal to the Supreme Court, using the [UN] Convention on the Rights of the Child.
What have Italian institutions done to help Pierluigi in recent months?
In October 2017, an inquiry was held at a Committee of the Italian Senate, during which the government was called to respond to how it was moving to resolve the case of Pierluigi.
Following the reception of the two rulings of December 2017, obviously, Pierluigi immediately informed the Italian Embassy in Tokyo. There are seven Italian fathers, including him, who are in the same situation. Nine Italian-Japanese children are involved. On 7 December, these fathers wrote to President Mattarella requesting a strong and timely intervention to "save several Italian children kidnapped and held hostage for years by Japanese parents." [6]
On March 4, 2018, the Ambassadors of Italy and of the other European Union countries addressed a letter to Yoko Kamikawa, Japanese Minister of Justice, in order to sensitize Japan and the Japanese Authorities to the enforcement of court rulings in cases of disputed minors. In fact, there are many cases in which parents are not allowed to see their children even when the rulings issued by the Japanese courts had recognized this right. [7]
At the end of April, Pierluigi, along with 11 other fathers from Italy, France, USA, Canada, Great Britain and Germany, sent a letter to the authorities of all the countries of the G7 to request that the issue is discussed during the G7 Summit that will take place in Canada June 8-9.
Notes:
[1] The law passed in USA on August 8, 2014 is the first American law to prevent the international kidnapping of children. This law introduces 8 levels of sanctions against countries that do not want to cooperate to resolve cases of international kidnapping involving American children. However, these sanctions have never been used to date.
To learn more about the Goldman Act: https://chrissmith.house.gov/lawsandresolutions/the-sean-and-david-goldman-intl-child-abduction-prevention-and-return-act.htm
[2] Since 2014, the number of requests for assistance to bring their children back from Japan to another country has been 68, while 56 have been made to return children from foreign countries to Japan. Among these, 20 children were returned from Japan to their country of origin and 19 from the foreign country to Japan. Hence the 30% figure.
There were, however, 16 cases of children not returned to their country of origin and 8 not returned to Japan.
[3] There are 9 cases of Italians who have been kidnapped by their Japanese wife.
[4] 親 権 紛争 の 際, 日本 が 「継 続 性 の 原則, http://www.sankei.com/affairs/news/170415/afr1704150024-n2.html
[5] According to the story of Pierluigi, the Japanese fathers with whom he is in contact and who are in similar situations to his were amazed by this result: in general, fathers are granted no more than two hours of visitation once a month.
[6] You can see the text of the letter, together with the case of Tommaso Perina, similar to that of Pierluigi, in the Sky TG24 video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HHhPwoqpVmk
[7] Link to the Communication from the Italian Consulate of Osaka: http://consosaka.esteri.it/consolato_osaka/it/la_comunicazione/dal_consolato/minori-contesi-lettera-degli-ambasciatori.html
日本語版
児童奪取:イタリア人犠牲者のケース
2018年5月7日
2017年春:熱を帯びた問題
2017年は日本が「国際的な子の奪取の民事上の側面に関する条約」の批准してから3年目に当たる。
長年にわたり、日本の親(母親であることが多い)が子どもを日本に連れ帰り、もう一方の親に会うのを妨げていることから、国際夫婦間で多くの係争が起こっている。条約を批准した今日でも、日本は児童奪取の「ブラックホール」とみなされている。
世界の国々では「誘拐」と同等である、この問題への日本の取り組みに対し抗議の声が上がった2017年春以降、このトピックは「熱い」テーマとなっている。2014年に条約を批准したものの、子どもの奪取は、日本では依然として広く許容されている。
国会議員の松浪健太氏(45歳)は、衆議院の予算委員会および司法委員会で2回にわたりこの話題に触れ、現行制度が子どもの親権を、先に子どもを奪取した親に割り当てている理由を官僚に尋ねた。
安倍晋三首相(62)は、「それぞれの事情を考慮して保護する」と回答した。
しかし松浪氏は、日本は「継続性の原則」を重視しすぎている(子どもが誘拐された時点から、新しい環境に問題がなければ現状を最優先させる)点を指摘。これからも継続性の原則を重要視し続ければ、子どもの奪取は起こり続ける事を政府は認識すべきである。
松浪氏が「このようなアプローチが国際夫婦のケースでも採られており、子どもを奪取して日本に連れ帰って来た事で、米国側のリストに載っている日本人女性は何名もいる」と述べると、岸田文雄外務大臣(59)は、「現時点ではゴールドマン法の罰則が適用されたケースは1つも無く、そのため日本が制裁措置を適用される確率は今後も非常に低い」と述べた。
日本国民だけでなく、外国人も抗議活動を展開している。 2017年3月22日、子どもを奪取された両親の一団が、誘拐を止め抑止する政策を実施するための請願に署名した。彼らは、他の先進国と同様、児童奪取が犯罪として扱われ、単なる「夫と妻の個人的問題」ではなくなるよう要求した。
2017年4月6日、米国では議会の人権小委員会にてゴールドマン法に関する聴聞会があり、一部のアメリカ国民が、日本を含む様々な国での子どもの奪取事件のレポートを提出した。この聴聞会の冒頭、本小委員会の委員長(クリス・スミス代表)は、岸田文雄氏の陳述を「言語道断だ」とし、ハーグ条約を尊重しないなら日本は「制裁されるべき」であり、トランプ大統領がこの議題を次回G7のテーブルに持ち込むべきだと述べた。
このトピックについてはイタリアでも話題になったばかりでなく、ラ・スタンパ紙などの新聞が日本人の母親に子どもを奪取されたイタリア人被害者の事件を取り上げた。このケースについてはコチラ。(https://www.orizzontinternazionali.org/2017/03/15/figli-contesi-il-caso-del-giappone-e-la-storia-di-pierluigi/)
この事件の反響は大きく、イタリア政府に対して日本への対抗措置を取る要請が多く出た。抗議に直面し、日本外務省のハーグ条約部は、「ハーグ条約は、重大なリスクがある場合、居住国に子どもを返還させない可能性もある」とし、「批准国のすべてが結果を公にしている訳では無いが、日本では奪取された児童の30%が自国に帰還している」と述べた。
条約によれば、奪取された子どもの親は、国毎に指定された行政機関(日本の場合には管轄は外務省、規制は法務省にある)に対し、子どもが居住国に帰るための支援を求めることができる。このような機関は支援や夫婦間交渉サービスを提供するが、交渉で解決しない場合は、裁判所の決定となる。日本の場合、たとえ子どもが出身国に戻らなければならないという決定であっても、1)子どもが新しい環境に適応している場合、2)出身国への帰還が、子どもに対して物理的または心理的に否定的結果をもたらす可能性がある場合、3)子どもが帰ることを望まない場合に、子どもが日本に留まることを保証する例外が設けられる。
ピエルルイージのケース:更新情報
ここに、児童奪取のイタリア人犠牲者、ピエルルイージ(進行中ケースのため、個人保護のための仮名)のケースがある。ピエルルイージは、東京に居住、勤務している、日本人女性と結婚したイタリア人だ。2016年初頭、2人の息子を奪取された。
ピエルルイージと妻は、イタリアとドイツで数年間を過ごした後、2015年10月に妻の出身国の日本に住むようになった。しかし、東京への引っ越し直後、妻は出身地の長崎に子どもたち(4歳と2歳)と一緒に暮らすことに決めた。当初の動機は、育児サービスへのアクセスが容易だから。東京では幼稚園の待機リストが長い。数ヶ月間、ピエルルイージは子どもたちが会いに来られる限り面会していた。しかし同年9月、 子どもは彼に二度と会わないと伝えるメールを妻から受け取った。
その瞬間から、彼は長崎の家庭裁判所の手続きを開始し、父親としての権利を執行できるように動いた。
ピエルルイージやその親権に関し、昨年は多くの事が起こった。
まず2017年6月、前年7月以来初めて、司法審査官の監督下であるものの、彼は子どもに会うことができた。訪問後、審査官は、ピエルルイージの子どもたちを世話する能力に問題は無く、依然として子どもたちといい関係を維持しており、妻による告発(家庭内暴力を含む)は実証されなかった。このため、2017年6月末に行われた4回目の審議では、審査官(判決の発行前に利害関係者に対して行動を起こさない可能性がある)は、ピエルルイージの妻に対し、子どもの利益のために子どもと夫の会合を許可するよう促した。しかし、妻側の長崎を離れられないとの理由から、裁判所はピエルルイージが電話で子どもたちと会話できるよう判決を出し、翌月Skypeで行った会話では子どもたちは父親が来るよう60回も口にした。
2017年8月の聴聞会中、判決が出る5回目の審議で、裁判所は重要な懸念を表明した。まず、裁判官は、ピエルルイージの妻が夫に子どもを合わせたくない本当の理由をまだ理解していないことを認めた。(7月夫とのSkype接続時に、住んでいる家の映像を見れば、彼らがどこにいるのかが分かってしまうのではないかと恐れ、ビデオ機能をオフにしていた。)さらに、長崎(女性と子どもが住んでいる地域)の社会福祉サービスでは、週に3〜4回の頻度で20分以上にわたり子どもが泣いていることが、隣人により確認されている。ところが、裁判官が妻側から子ども保護する気配は無い。日本維新の会の松浪健太衆議院議員がこの問題を国会で2回にわたり討議した際には、「子どもの親権について、日本は『継続性の原則』を重視し過ぎている」と説明した。日本の司法制度は、子どもが両親どちらとも関係を維持できる事よりも、安定して問題の少ない生活を送る事の方が子どもの利益になると認識している。これが、日本のシステムが親権共有を認識しない理由である。
第5回審問の後、ピエルルイージと妻の審議プロセスが終わり、子どもの返還とピエルルイージの訪問は2017年12月となった。家庭内暴力を含む告発に根拠がない事、さらにピエルルイージと子どもの間にはいい関係が保てており、子どもを保護する能力にも問題ない事が、再び裁判官により確認された。しかし、子どもを育てるためには妻が不十分であるというピエルルイージの言い分は十分には認められず、またピエルルイージがドイツで働いていた期間、妻の方が上の子どもと(2番目の子どもはまだ生まれていなかった)より多く時間を過ごしたという事実が考慮される事も無かった。
ピエルルイージは、このような判決は日本のような国では部分的勝利として認識されるべきだとしつつも、上訴した。実際、裁判官は、ピエルルイージの妻を壁際に立たせ、毎月2回の日曜、一度に4時間ずつ、ピエルルイージが子どもたちに会う事を認めさせた。裁判官はまた、母親が父親の訪問資格を拒否し続ける場合には、将来子どもの親権を持つことは適切ではないとも説明した。
裁判官が妻に子どもを父親に合わせるよう強制させ、同時に、福岡の高等裁判所に上訴手続きを続けさせようとしていると、ピエルルイージは考えている。裁判所が子どもの親権を彼に渡した場合、妻の上訴はこの過程をもう一年長引かせる事を意味し、その間ピエルルイージは自分の子どもたちとは会えないであろう。しかし、2018年イースターの時期、福岡高等裁判所は、子どもたちは母親と一緒にいるべきだとの判決を下した。妻は精神科医院での治療を受けており、子どもたちはこの母親と安定した生活を送っている。したがって、裁判所は彼の訴えを、子どもを彼女から取り除くのに十分な理由とは認識しなかった。
ピエルルイージは、国連子どもの権利条約を根拠に、最高裁判所に上訴した。
イタリアの機関は、ここ数カ月間ピエルルイージを助けるために何をしたか?
2017年10月、イタリアの上院委員会で、ピエルルイージの事件解決のために政府がどのように動いているのか、政府の回答が求められた。
2017年12月の2つの判決を受けて、ピエルルイージは即刻、在京イタリア大使館に通知した。彼を含めて7名のイタリア人の父親が同じ状況にあり、9名のイタリア人と日本人のハーフ子どもが関わっている。12月7日、父親たちはマッタレッラ大統領に「日本人の親によって何年も誘拐され拘束された、イタリア人の子どもたちを救え」という強力で迅速な介入を要求する直訴状を提出した。
2018年3月4日、イタリアおよび欧州連合の各国大使は、上川陽子法務大臣に宛て、日本でこの問題の意識を高めると同時に、係争が未成年者の親権争いの場合には、必ず裁判所判決が施行されるよう日本の当局による強制執行を求める手紙を発行した。実際、裁判所判決が子どもと会う権利を認めていても、一方の親がもう一方の親を子どもに会わせないケースが多い。
イタリア人、フランス人、アメリカ人、カナダ人、英国人、ドイツ人の11人の父親被害者と共に、この4月末、ピエルルイージはG7諸国の政府宛に手紙を送り、次回6月8〜9日にカナダで開催されるG7サミットにてこの問題が協議されるよう要求した。
追記:
[1] 2014年8月8日に米国で成立した法律は、子どもの国際的奪取を防止する初めての米国法である。この法律は、米国人の子どもを含む国際的誘拐事件を解決するために協力を拒否する国に対して、8段階の制裁を導入する。しかし、これらの制裁措置は今までに適用実績がない。ゴールドマン法の詳細については、
[2] 子どもを日本から他国に戻すための援助要請の件数は、2014年以降で68件に上る。逆方向の、外国から日本に帰国させるための要請件数は56件。このうち、日本から母国に20人が、外国から日本に19人が帰国した。したがって、成功率は30%である。しかし、出身国に帰国していないケースは16件、日本に帰国していないケースは8例であった。
[3]日本人の妻に奪取されたイタリア人被害者のケースは9例ある。
[4] 子供“連れ去り” 国内外から日本の姿勢批判「英語では『誘拐・拉致』だ」 ハーグ条約発効3年
http://www.sankei.com/affairs/news/170415/afr1704150024-n2.html
[5]ピエルルイージによると、彼のケースと似たような状況にある日本人の父親は、この結果に驚いていた。一般に日本では、父親は1ヶ月一度の頻度、1回あたり2時間以上の訪問を許される事は稀である。
[6]手紙の文面は、Sky TG24ビデオで閲覧可能。ピエルルイージのケースと似たトッマソ・ペリーナのケースと合わせて見られる。https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HHhPwoqpVmk
[7]在大阪イタリア領事館からの連絡へのリンク:http://consosaka.esteri.it/consolato_osaka/it/la_comunicazione/dal_consolato/minori-contesi-lettera-degli-ambasciatori.html